Brief Reference Tool
compiled by Jolita Zabarauskaite

Current debate. 1

Potential Threats. 2

Responses. 2

Changes in law.. 2

International response. 2

Other forms of response. 2

Economical implications and tools. 3

Recommendations. 3

Legal aspects of terrorism.. 4

Definition. 4

History. 4

Current debate

a.       Democracy and Terrorism

                                                               i.      Joseph Nye, Can Democracy defeat terrorism?, Aug 2005

                                                             ii.      Conference Democracies Confronting Terrorism, May 18, 2005 , Washington D.C. Security and Peace Initiative.

                                                            iii.      Richard Rorty, Fighting Terrorism with Democracy, The Nation, October 2002.

                                                          iv.      F. Gregory Gause III, Can Democracy Stop Terrorism?, Foreign Affairs, September/October 2005.

b.      International law and Terrorism

                                                               i.      International Law and the Preemptive Use of Force Against Iraq, CRS report, April, 2003

                                                             ii.      Joseph McMillan, Apocalyptic Terrorism: The Case for Preventive Action, Strategic Forum, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University , November 2004

                                                            iii.      United States Institute of Peace, The Diplomacy of Counter-terrorism: Lessons Learned, Ignored and Disputed, Special report

                                                           iv.      Roberta Arnold, ICC as a New Instrument for Repressing Terrorism, Transnational Publishers Inc, US, 2004.

c.       Transatlantic Homeland Security

                                                             v.      Interview with Dr. Daniel S. Hamilton Our transatlantic homeland, Reason, November, 2003.

                                                           vi.      Atlantic Storm, the exercise for the Leaders of the Transatlantic Community organized by Center for Bio-security of UPMC, Center for Transatlantic Relations of JHU, Transatlantic Bio-security Network, January 14, 2005.

Potential Threats

a.       Chemical, Biological, Radiological or Nuclear Attacks

                                                               i.      CIA Terrorist CBRN: Materials and Effects (U)

                                                             ii.      Terrorism: Background on Chemical, Biological and Toxin Weapons and Options for Lessening Their Impact, CRS report, December 2004.

                                                            iii.      Nuclear Terrorism: A Brief Review of Threats and Responses, CRS Report, February 2005

                                                           iv.      Small-scale Terrorist Attacks Using Chemical and Biological Agents: As Assessment Framework and Preliminary Comparisons, CRS Report, June 2004

Responses

Changes in law

ü      United Kingdom

                                                               i.      – Changes in UK laws after September 11, 2001 .

                                                             ii.      House of Commons, Foreign Affairs Committee, Foreign Policy Aspects of the War against Terrorism, Report 2004-5

ü      United States of America

                                                               i.      USA National Security Strategy

                                                             ii.      Terrorism and National Security: Issues and Trends, CRS Report, July, 2004

                                                            iii.      Federal Counter-Terrorism Training: Issues for Congressional Oversight, CRS Report, May 2005

                                                           iv.      Terrorist Financing; U.S. Agency Efforts and Inter-Agency Coordination, CRS Report, Aug, 2005

                                                             v.      CDI Fact Sheet: Anti-terrorist Finance Measures, October 2002

International response

ü     International/Regional conventions – available at: http://untreaty.un.org/English/Terrorism.asp

ü      Global Programme Against Terrorism, UN Office on Drugs and Crime

ü      The Existing Programs, Initiatives and Laws to Combat Terrorism. This is a compilation of existing programs/initiatives to combat terrorism on different organization level, including NATO, G8, EU, Europol, Interpol, and other transatlantic related organizations.

Other forms of response

ü      Prevention – ‘Gathering and analyzing intelligence outside of the United States are the major activities to detect and prevent terrorist activities overseas and generally are led by the Central Intelligence Agency. Under the overall leadership of that agency, U.S. intelligence agencies gather information on terrorist organizations, monitor terrorist threats, and share information with other nations. The Departments of State, Justice, and Defense collect and analyze intelligence through surveillance programs and liaisons with foreign police. These intelligence activities support other preventative efforts, such as protecting U.S. facilities and Americans overseas, and visa and border controls. Protecting U.S. facilities and Americans overseas is a major part of preventing terrorism and is generally led by the Department of State. To protect U.S. facilities and personnel abroad, State has programs that include facility security, local guard forces, armored vehicles for embassy personnel, and Marine Guards to protect sensitive information. The Department of Defense has separate programs to protect its military forces against terrorist attacks. For American citizens traveling and living abroad, the State Department issues public travel warnings and public announcements and operates warning systems to convey terrorist-related information. State also uses overseas advisory councils—voluntary partnerships between State and U.S. businesses—to exchange threat information with private companies.’ From  GOA-03-165 – United States General Accounting Office – Report to Congressional request – Combating Terrorism: Interagency Framework Agency and Programs to Address the Overseas Threat, May 2003.

ü      Prosecution –

                                                               i.      The prosecutions of terrorist before 9/11 were done under the criminal charges

                                                             ii.        TRAC Special Report Criminal Enforcement against terrorists and Spies in the Year after the 9/11 Attacks, February 2003.

                                                            iii.      Military Commission in USA - CRS Terrorism and Law on War: trying terrorist as war criminals before the military commissions 2001

                                                           iv.      Official website for Military Commissions: http://www.defenselink.mil/news/commissions.html

ü      Terrorism and Human Rights –

                                                               i.      Digest of Jurisprudence of the UN and Regional Organizations on the Protection of Human rights while Countering Terrorism

                                                             ii.      Jolita Zabarauskaite Comparative Analysis of the ‘Preventive Detention’ in the European Human Rights Convention and Inter-American Human Rights Convention Systems and the Application in Case of Emergency Fall 2004.

Economical implications and tools

ü      OECD The Economic Consequences of Terrorism, Economic Department Working paper No 334, July 2002.

Recommendations

ü      Combating Terrorism: Are There Lessons to Be Learned from Foreign Experiences? CRS report, January 2002.

ü      National Commission on terrorist Attacks Upon the United States - 9/11 Commission Report – available at: http://www.9-11commission.gov/

Legal aspects of terrorism

Definition

1. Bruce Hoffman Inside Terrorism. Columbia University Press. Chapter 1 Defining terrorism
2. Definitions from the ODOC web page available at: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/terrorism_definitions.html
3. Analysis of definition of terrorism from Comprehensive Convention on Terrorism and High Panel report
4. OECD Check List of Criteria to Define Terrorism for the Purpose of Compensation, OECD recommendation for the Council
5. Martha Crenshaw “terrorism is the resort of an elite when conditions are not revolutionary”- from Martha Crenshaw “the causes of Terrorism” as reprinted  in Edward Moxom Browne, Ed. European Terrorism   New York : G.K. Hall & Co., 1994, p 20

History

a.       Major terrorist acts – brief summary of acts from 1961 till 2003 compiled by the Department of State

b.      Profiles of some groups

                                                               i.      List of all organizations classified as terrorist groups by Department of State, EU and UK, plus the comparative analysis of those three.

c.       Individuals

                                                               i.      The New Consolidated list of Individuals and Entities belonging to or Associated with the Taliban and Al-Qaida Organization as Established and Maintained by the  1267 Committee