Cooperation in the Fight on Terror
The Existing Programs
Initiatives and Documents

 Table of contents

NATO
USA - EU
G-8
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Financial Action Task Force
Proliferation Security Initiative
Interpol
Europol
European Union
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
Council of Europe
Bilateral Agreements and other partnerships
International cooperation under auspices of UN
UN Drug and Crime Organization

 NATO[1]

•       General goals in fight against terrorism:
• o       counter-terrorism operations – Eagle assist (air patrol over countries); Operation Active Endeavour (Mediterranean sea - NATO ships monitor shipping and patrol the Mediterranean to detect, deter and protect against terrorist threats; the area considered particularly vulnerable because the straits of Gibraltar are extremely narrow and some 3000 commercial shipments pass through them every day; concrete demonstration of engagement in the fight against terrorism; participation and support from Russian and Ukraine); Afghanistan (leading the international force), Balkans (against groups linked to Al Qaeda)
• o       protecting alliance populations and territories – assets available to MS, plans to protect civilian population; military concept for defence against terrorism; defenses against weapons of mass destruction, developing counter-terrorist technologies (are aimed at preventing the kinds of attacks perpetrated by terrorists, such as suicide attacks with improvised explosive devices, rocket attacks against aircrafts and helicopters).
• o       improved capabilities – improved deployment and usability of forces
• o       cooperation with partners
• o       cooperation with other international organizations
•       Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism – is the first example of allies and partners development to better target, and more results oriented cooperation mechanism. This particular aims to coordinate EAPC country efforts against terrorism, it allows less well prepared nations to benefit from others’ experience and expertise; it also assists nations to manage the consequences and risks of terrorist attacks.
•      Military Concept for Defence against Terrorism – it identifies four different roles for military operations for Defence against Terrorism. The Force Protection has essential consideration in each 4 roles: Anti-terrorism, essentially defensive measures; Consequence management, which is dealing with and reducing the effects of a terrorism attack once it has taken place; Counter terrorism  primarily offensive measures and military cooperation.
•      Russia and NATO Partnership – adopted plan which outlines measures to enhance the capabilities to act, individually and jointly, in 3 critical areas: preventing terrorism, combating terrorist activities and managing the consequences of terrorist acts.
•      Technology development

NATO’s Defence against Terrorism (DAT) Program of Work is focused on key nine areas where it is believed technology can help.

Individual NATO countries or Conference of National Armaments Directors (CNAD) groups are leading the various projects with support and contributions from other member countries:

The nine areas in the program are:

1. Countering improvised explosive devices (IEDs), such as car and roadside bombs, through their detection and destruction or neutralization. This effort is led by Spain and is making use of the expertise of industries in several member countries and through the NATO Industrial Advisory Group.

2. Reducing the vulnerability of wide-body civilian and military aircraft to man-portable air defence missiles (MANPADs). On-going work is focused on technical, tactical and procedural countermeasures, while a strategy is being developed in cooperation with the civil aviation authorities.

3. Reducing the vulnerability of helicopters to rocket-propelled grenades (RPG). Bulgaria has assumed the lead for this effort, which is currently focused on the detection of ground attacks and protection against them, including with active countermeasures.

4. Protecting harbors and ships from explosive-packed speedboats and underwater divers using sensor-nets, electro-optical detectors, rapid reaction capabilities and unmanned underwater vehicles. Italy is leading this effort.

5. Detection, protection and defeat of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons. France is the lead nation in this effort, supported by the Czech Republic, which has defensive (detection, protection, decontamination) as well as offensive (stand-off precision strikes) objectives.

6. Explosive ordnance disposal (EOD), with the objective of preventing existing stockpiles of munitions from falling into the hands of terrorists and of improving NATO's technological and operational capabilities to dispose of such stockpiles. Slovakia is the lead nation, supported by Norway.

7. Precision airdrop technology for special operations forces and their equipment. A demonstration of the latest technologies will be held in 2005.

8. Intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and target acquisition of terrorists, with the goal of developing improved tools for early warning identification of terrorists and their activities.

9. Technologies to defend against mortar attacks. Triggered by the increasing number of terrorist mortar attacks, this item was initiated by the Netherlands, which has taken on the role of lead nation in this effort. The aim is to employ new and future technologies to improve the abilities of Allied forces to defend against mortar attacks.

•       NATO has appointed a Counter-Terrorism Technology Coordinator, Admiral Mario Bartoli, and established a Counter-Terrorism Technology Unit within its Defence Investment Division to coordinate efforts in the nine areas identified and support the lead nations and groups wherever possible. The program was agreed by leaders at their 28-29 Istanbul summit.
•       Response to attack by weapons of mass destruction – developing response procedures and action, prevention plans
•       Civil Emergency officials building anti-terrorist measures
•       NATO - Russia Council[2] - The decision to establish the NRC was taken in the wake of the September 2001 terrorist attacks, which reinforced the need for coordinated action to respond to common threats. It signaled the determination to give the NATO-Russia partnership new impetus and substance, and demonstrated the shared resolve of NATO member states and Russia to work more closely together towards the common goal of building a lasting and inclusive peace in the Euro-Atlantic Area.
• o       Combating terrorism - Specific aspects of combating terrorism are a key focus of activities in many areas of cooperation under the NRC, such as civil emergency planning, non-proliferation, airspace management, theatre missile defence, defence reform and scientific cooperation.
• o       Non-proliferation - Cooperation against proliferation of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons and the spread of ballistic missile technology has intensified. A joint assessment of global trends in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction is being prepared.
• o       Theatre missile defence - is addressing the unprecedented threat posed by the increasing availability of ever more accurate ballistic missile. Study launched to assess possible levels of interoperability among the theatre missile defence systems of Russia and NATO MS.
• o       Airspace management – one of the first major cooperation programmes to have been launched in the NRC framework. Objective is to foster cooperation on air traffic management and air surveillance. Methods and procedures are bein developed for the reciprocal exchange of situation data on civil and military air-traffic pictures between and NATO MS, aim is to lead to the implementation of an appropriate capability in Russia to allow a seamless flow of relevant air situation data to and from NATO systems in compliance with international standards.
• o       Military-to-military cooperation – to improve interoperability, so that militaries are able to operate within multinational command and force structures. A framework for reciprocal exchanges and post visits is being developed and possible activities to enhance exercises between NATO and Russian naval formations are being explored.
• o       Crisis management – joint peacekeeping operation planning.
• o       Defence reform – cooperation has been launched on different aspects, including management of human and financial resources, macro economic, financial and social issues, force planning and others. A NATO-Russia Information, Consultation and Training Center has been sep up in Russia.
• o       Logistics – various initiatives are pursuing logistic cooperation on both the civilian and military sides. Focus to establish a sound foundation of mutual understanding in the field of logistics by promoting information sharing in areas such as logistic policies, doctrine, structures and lessons learned.
• o       Civil emergencies – Memorandum of Understanding on Civil Emergency planning and Disaster Preparedness, 1996. Initiative led to creation of the Euro-Atlantic Disaster Response Coordination Center 1998.
• o       Science – focus of activities is application of civil science to defence against terrorism and new threats, collaboration in forecasting and prevention of catastrophes. Memorandum of Understanding on Scientific and technological Cooperation, 1998.
• o       Challenges of Modern Society – environmental protection cooperation.
• o       NATO- Russia Action Plan on Terrorism[3]
• o       NATO-Russia Conference on military role in combating terrorism –
• ·        Lessons learned from recent terrorist attacks: Building national capabilities and institutions, Ljubljana, Slovenia 27 June- 1 July, 2005.[4]
• ·        Norfolk, Virginia, USA 5 April 2004
• ·        Moscow, Russia, 2002
• ·        Rome, Italy, 2002
• o       NATO- Russia Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security, 1997       

EU – NATO

Mutual Crisis Consultation Arrangements

Agreement on the Security of Information - entered into force on 14 March 2003. The agreement decided on level 1 security cooperation with NATO.

USA- EU

Extradition Agreement – streamlines the process for handling extradition request, broadens the range of extraditable offenses. Signed at June 2003 EU-USA Summit

New Transatlantic Agenda – partnership for global significance, designed to lend a new quality to the transatlantic relationship moving it form one of consultation to one of joint action in four major fields: promoting peace and stability, democracy and development around the world; responding to global challenges; contributing to the expansion of world trade and closer economic relations; building bridges across the Atlantic. Launched in 1995.

EU-US agreement on mutual legal assistance - allowing both countries law enforcement authorities access to bank accounts in each others respective jurisdiction and improving practical co-operation by reducing delays in mutual legal assistance, signed at June 2003 EU-USA Summit

Enhanced security Dialogue (ESD) – on transport and border security (started in 2004):

Container Security Initiative (CSI) – launched by US Customs to help prevent containerized cargo from being exploited by terrorist. Agreement initiated in Nov 2003.

Passenger Name Record (PNR) - request by US to air carriers operating flights to or from the USA to make information available to the US Bureau of Customs and Border Protection. Agreed to put in place measures to ensure a sound legal framework for the transfer of these date for the next 3.5 years.

The US Public Health Security and Bio-terrorism Preparedness Act (BTA) - implication for the EU agricultural exporters.

Pledge to enhance international information exchange on lost and stolen passports and to promote travel document security through the use of interoperable biometric identifiers.

Man Portable air defense systems (MANPADs) – exchange information about aviation security technologies, such as airline countermeasures against shoulder fired ground to air .Armed air marshals on transatlantic flights. November 2004.

Agreement on measures against money laundering (in negotiation progress)

Agreement to enhance the security of maritime container traffic (in negotiation progress)

Agreement on the use of passenger information in border security regimes (in negotiation progress)

Customs Cooperation Accord – calls for extension of US CSI throughout the EU

 Agreement between the USA and European Police Office

Supplemental agreement between Europol and the USA on exchange of personal date and related information   signed in 2001 and 2002.

G-8

•        Initiatives:
•       To prevent spread of weapons of mass destruction to terrorist and other criminals;
•       Reinforce international political will to combat terrorism
•       Secure radioactive sources
•       Ensure secure and facilitated travel – announces at Sea Island Summit, a 28 point action plan. Almost implemented. It was focused on working on measures to counter attacks on aviation using surface to air missiles, restrict the proliferation and smuggling of these weapons, improve flight deck security, improve screening of individuals and baggage art airports, and state’s enforcement of aviation security regimes, spread best practice on the use of sky marshals, established a security contact network, enhancing cooperation against transnational document fraud, developed a methodology to assess post security.
•       New:
• Improve sharing of information on the movement of terrorists across international borders,
• To assess and address the threat to the transportation infrastructure and
• Promote best practices for rail and metro security.
•       Strategy for Capacity Building – activities should be seen as complementary to initiatives to strengthen good governance, the rule of law, human rights and judicial reform, analysis of factors which contribute to the emergence of terrorism.
• Focus on three main areas
• deny terrorist the mans to commit terrorist acts
• deny terrorists a safe haven and ensure that terrorist are prosecuted an/are extradited
• overcome vulnerability to terrorism
• o       Counter-Terrorism Legislation - assistance in developing legislation for domestic implementation of conventions, protocols and resolutions in relation to terrorist activity;
• o       Financial Law and Practice - assistance in drafting and enforcing legislation, regulations and codes of practice criminalizing the financing of terrorism and the seizure and freezing of assets
• o       Customs Law and Practice - assistance in drafting and enforcing legislation on the establishment of border controls;
• o       Immigration Law and Practice - assistance in drafting and enforcing legislation on immigration controls including standards for travel documentation and the granting of asylum/refugee status;
• o       Extradition Law and Practice - assistance in drafting of legislation implementing bilateral and multilateral co-operation on extradition;
• o       Police and Law Enforcement - development of procedures for counter-terrorism law enforcement and the provision of assistance to national police forces to counter terrorism as well as illicit drug trafficking and organised crime as they relate to counter-terrorism;
• o       Export Control and Illegal Arms Trafficking - assistance in the drafting of legislation and development of procedures preventing the access by terrorists to weapons;
• o       Domestic Security Measures - assistance in the development and implementation of adequate crisis and consequence management techniques, aviation and transportation security measures and protection of critical infrastructure.
• o       Counter Terrorism Action Group (CTAG)[5] – focus on building political will, coordinating capacity building assistance where necessary. Cooperation with other terrorism committees and groups, UN bodies, IFIs and other regional and functional organizations. Functions:
•        will analyze and prioritize needs, and expand counter-terrorism capacity building assistance by:
• Reviewing requests, analyzing the requirements and prioritizing needs for capacity building assistance (by the second CTAG meeting to be held by October 15);
• Exchanging information as far as possible on the needs assessments missions CTAG members have carried out;
• Holding co-ordination meetings between CTAG members missions in priority recipient countries, involving host government and local officials responsible for capacity-building assistance;
• Seeking to increase counter-terrorism capacity building assistance and co-ordination (by the 2004 Summit);
• Providing reports bi-annually of current and planned capacity building assistance which will then be shared with the CTC;
• Identifying cases of successful implementation of counter-terrorism capacity building efforts to share best practice and lessons learned (by the second CTAG meeting to be held by October 15);
• Facilitating joint initiatives by members in some countries.
• will expand regional assistance by:
• Encouraging regional assistance programmes including delivery through regional and donor sponsored training centers (by the 2004 Summit);
• Sharing available information on counter-terrorism curricula and best training practices (by the first CTAG meeting no later than July 15) and developing key areas of focus that various regional training centers could address (by the second CTAG meeting to be held by October 15);
• Seeking to address unmet regional assistance needs (by the 2004 Summit).
• will increase outreach efforts to third countries and regional and functional organizations by:
• Continuing to implement G8 demarches to countries that are not parties to all international counter-terrorism conventions and protocols to urge them to become parties and accelerate domestic implementation of required measures;
• Conducting outreach bilaterally and jointly through experts meetings and seminars to share benefits of concluding conventions and impart technical knowledge for implementation (plan to be presented by CTAG first meeting);
• Building upon the March 6, 2003 meeting between the CTC and regional organizations, identify specific roles and responsibilities for regional and functional organizations that emphasize their strengths while avoiding duplication of effort;
• Requesting regional and functional organizations to become more active in encouraging UNSCR 1373 implementation by their members;
• Encouraging regional and functional organizations to develop best practices, codes or standards towards implementing UNSCR 1373 requirements;
• Implementing G8 outreach to the IFIs and functional organizations such as the World Customs Organization, the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization to discuss areas of mutual interest in the funding and provision of counter-terrorism capacity building assistance.
• o       G8 Finance Ministers releases an Action Plan to combat Terrorist Financing, oct 2001.
• o       G8 Justice and interior ministers address on Legal Aspects to Fight against Terrorism and the Fight against Transnational Organized Crime, May 13-14, 2002., which aims at implementation of a strategy for law enforcement action in preventing terrorism that includes the following standards:

I. Domestic Legal and Law Enforcement Standards for Prevention of Terrorism

A. Criminal law measures

• 1.        States should ensure that a broad range of terrorist support activities are considered to be criminal offenses, whether or not the terrorist attack has been carried out,
• 2.        Call upon all States that have not yet done so to immediately ratify and implement the United Nations counter- terrorism conventions, in particular the UN Convention on Terrorist Bombings (1997), the UN International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999), and to implement the Financial Action Task Force’s Forty Recommendations (2003), and the Eight Special Recommendations on Financing of Terrorism (2001) to enhance global capacities for combating terrorism.
• 3.        Legal frameworks must enable effective action to be taken in respect of all entities, whether social, religious or charitable in nature, involved in terrorist activities, as well as persons in a position of leadership in such entities, while also respecting legitimate application of principles of freedom of speech, association and religious belief. The fact of involvement of such entities or leaders should not per se bar application of criminal law powers and sanctions.

B. Investigative measures

• 4.        Criminal authorities should have the ability to use a broad array of special investigative techniques in investigating offenses

C. Other measures

• 5.        States should not per se prohibit the offering by private persons or entities of incentives to the public for information that may legitimately assist authorities in responding to terrorist acts.
• 6.        States should consider the use by the government of incentive programs in certain carefully defined circumstances in which they may be of significant aid to law enforcement efforts.

II. International Cooperation Standards for Prevention of Terrorism

• 7.        States should enhance their international cooperation capabilities by full implementation of the international cooperation provisions of the instruments
• 8.        Strong action in facilitating cooperation with respect to freezing and confiscation of assets supporting terrorists is a key preventative measure. We call on all States to implement the principles set forth in the Recommendations on the Tracing, Freezing and Confiscation of Assets adopted at the 2003 G8 Justice and Home Affairs Ministers Meeting in Paris.
• 9.        The ability to successfully extradite a terrorist who has not yet carried out the object attack is dependent, inter alia, on the requesting State being able to charge an anticipatory or preparatory offense and the requested State also being able to punish such conduct.
• 10.     UNSC Resolution 1373 calls on States to reject claims that conduct is politically motivated as a basis for refusal with respect to the extradition of terrorists.
• 11.     States should ensure a sufficient ability to provide assistance aimed at preventing terrorist attacks. States should ensure that their mutual legal assistance treaties and laws, at a minimum, provide for assistance for the investigation and prosecution of a broad range of anticipatory or preparatory offenses.
• 12.     States should also provide for the ability to conduct a broad array of special investigative techniques.
• 13.     States should also enhance international cooperation in other critical areas already identified in the G8 2001 Action Plan on Enhancing International Cooperation against Terrorism, including: eliminating delay in providing mutual legal assistance, ensuring sufficient expertise in cooperation authorities, ensuring cooperation in multi-jurisdictional cases, and ensuring that their nationals who commit terrorist offenses in other countries are brought to justice.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

Financial Action Task Force - The FATF is an independent international body whose Secretariat is housed at the OECD. Since its creation the FATF has spearheaded the effort to adopt and implement measures designed to counter the use of the financial system by criminals. It established a series of Recommendations in 1990, revised in 1996 and in 2003 to ensure that they remain up to date and relevant to the evolving threat of money laundering that set out the basic framework for anti-money laundering efforts and are intended to be of universal application. The FATF is an inter-governmental body whose purpose is the development and promotion of national and international policies to combat money laundering and terrorist financing.  The FATF is therefore a "policy-making body" created in 1989 that works to generate the necessary political will to bring about legislative and regulatory reforms in these areas. In 2001, the development of standards in the fight against terrorist financing was added to the mission of the FATF.  The thirty-one member countries and governments of the FATF are: Argentina; Australia, Austria; Belgium; Brazil; Canada; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hong Kong, China; Iceland; Ireland; Italy; Japan; Luxembourg; Mexico; the Kingdom of the Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Portugal; the Russian Federation; Singapore; South Africa; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; United Kingdom; and the United States. The European Commission and the Gulf Co-operation Council are also members of the FATF.

•       Recommendations:
•      Ratification and implementation on UN instruments – each country should take immediate steps to ratify and to implement fully the 1999 UN International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism.
•      Criminalizing the financing of terrorism and associated money laundering - Given the close connection between international terrorism and inter alia money laundering, another objective of SR II is to emphasize this link by obligating countries to include terrorist financing offences as predicate offences for money laundering.
•      Freezing and confiscating terrorist assets - Each country should also adopt and implement measures, including legislative ones, which would enable the competent authorities to seize and confiscate property that is the proceeds of, or used in, or intended or allocated for use in, the financing of terrorism, terrorist acts or terrorist organizations. 
•     Reporting suspicious transactions related to terrorism -
•     International cooperation - Each country should afford another country, on the basis of a treaty, arrangement or other mechanism for mutual legal assistance or information exchange, the greatest possible measure of assistance in connection with criminal, civil enforcement, and administrative investigations, inquiries and proceedings relating to the financing of terrorism, terrorist acts and terrorist organizations. Countries should also take all possible measures to ensure that they do not provide safe havens for individuals charged with the financing of terrorism, terrorist acts or terrorist organizations, and should have procedures in place to extradite, where possible, such individuals.
•       Alternative remittance
•       Wire transfers - Countries should take measures to require financial institutions, including money remitters, to include accurate and meaningful originator information (name, address and account number) on funds transfers and related messages that are sent, and the information should remain with the transfer or related message through the payment chain. Countries should take measures to ensure that financial institutions, including money remitters, conduct enhanced scrutiny of and monitor for suspicious activity funds transfers which do not contain complete originator information (name, address and account number).
•      Non-profit organizations - Countries should review the adequacy of laws and regulations that relate to entities that can be abused for the financing of terrorism. Non-profit organizations are particularly vulnerable, and countries should ensure that they cannot be misused: by terrorist organizations posing as legitimate entities; to exploit legitimate entities as conduits for terrorist financing, including for the purpose of escaping asset freezing measures; and to conceal or obscure the clandestine diversion of funds intended for legitimate purposes to terrorist organizations.
•      Cash curriers - Countries should have measures in place to detect the physical cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments, including a declaration system or other disclosure obligation. Countries should ensure that their competent authorities have the legal authority to stop or restrain currency or bearer negotiable instruments that are suspected to be related to terrorist financing or money laundering, or that are falsely declared or disclosed. Countries should ensure that effective, proportionate and dissuasive sanctions are available to deal with persons who make false declaration(s) or disclosure(s). In cases where the currency or bearer negotiable instruments are related to terrorist financing or money
  laundering, countries should also adopt measures, including legislative ones consistent with Recommendation 3 and Special Recommendation III, which would enable the confiscation of such currency or instruments.

•       A Development Co-operation Lens on Terrorism Prevention - draws on donor responses to international terrorism. It is intended to guide the international community and governments in their efforts to address linkages between terrorism and development, and suggests how donor programmes might be designed or adjusted. It begins with a Policy Statement in which DAC Ministers and Heads of Agencies underline key lessons, orientations and entry points for action. This publication was endorsed by the DAC High Level Meeting (2003) and complements the DAC Guidelines Helping Prevent Violent Conflict (2001), a reference point for development co-operation actors in this field. Within the framework set up by the UN task force on terrorism, the DAC have agreed to work towards the following objectives:
• ·         To bolster long-term structural stability,
• ·         To dissuade disaffected groups from embracing terrorism and other forms of violent conflict,
• ·         To deny groups or individuals the means to carry out terrorism by reinforcing governance, and
• ·         To promote policy coherence, complementarity and consistency.
• o       As part of the international campaign against terrorist financing, the FATF has decided to set forth in greater detail the obligations to freeze effectively terrorist-related assets as well as best practices to stem the flow of terrorist funds through the formal financial system.  This is part of the process of providing guidance to jurisdictions and the international financial community to reduce the risk of terrorist financing.
• o       The FATF is also taking concrete steps to assess the needs of countries for technical assistance to comply with the Eight Special Recommendations. These efforts are being undertaken with the Counter-Terrorism Action Group (CTAG) as well as with other international bodies, to ensure that the donor community is aware of specific technical needs to combat terrorist financing. 
• o       Collaboration between FATF and IFIs - The FATF is actively pursuing its collaboration with the IMF and the World Bank to ensure that the Forty and Eight Special Recommendations are implemented worldwide. During 2003, the FATF and these organizations have been using a common methodology to assess compliance with standards.  This process is now being updated to take into account the revised Forty Recommendations issued in June 2003.  The FATF will continue to work closely with the international financial institutions.

Proliferation Security Initiative[6] - President Bush announced on May 31, 2003, the Proliferation Security Initiative, which aims to enhance and expand our efforts to prevent the flow of WMD, their delivery systems, and related materials on the ground, in the air, and at sea, to and from states and non-state actors of proliferation concern. This initiative reflects the need for a more dynamic and active approach to the global proliferation problem. It reflects the reality that proliferators are actively and aggressively seeking WMD using techniques that thwart export controls and other enforcement measures. It envisions partnerships of states working in concert, employing their national capabilities to develop a broad range of legal, diplomatic, economic, military, and other tools to interdict shipments of such items.

PSI is a dynamic initiative. If countries have ideas that are not reflected in the SOP that would contribute to a more robust, effective initiative, we want to hear from them. In that way, the PSI is an initiative open to contributions from all states that want to support interdiction efforts. The PSI is not an organization. It is an activity, through which "participants" around the world decide to cooperate and coordinate closely to prevent shipments of WMD, their delivery systems, and related materials from reaching states and non-state actors of proliferation concern. Countries can indicate their support by formally endorsing the PSI Statement of Interdiction Principles.

More than 60 countries have indicated support for the PSI.

The PSI is complementary to other programs like CSI, in that both are operational efforts in support of national security objectives to enhance global maritime security by improving our ability to prevent shipments of problematic cargo. The Container Security Initiative is focused on maritime cargoes bound for (or from) the United States; PSI addresses cargoes in transit, wherever they may be -- at sea, in the air, and on land worldwide. CSI is creating adequate capabilities at major ports to screen cargo containers to ensure they do not contain problematic items. PSI efforts include action against shipments throughout the transportation continuum, not just when they arrive in a port; also Non-proliferation mechanisms. It has a robust toolbox to prevent proliferation – nonproliferation treaties, multilateral export control regimes, national export controls, and enforcement measures. The PSI complements these existing tools to help prevent the proliferation of WMD, their delivery systems, and related materials. It does not replace other nonproliferation mechanisms, but provides an operational mechanism when proliferators evade these regimes.

The PSI is also consistent with recent statements of the G-8 and the European Union, establishing that more coherent and concerted efforts are needed to prevent the proliferation of WMD, their delivery systems, and related materials. PSI participants are deeply concerned about this threat and of the danger that these items could fall into the hands of terrorists, and are committed to working together to stop the flow of these items to and from states and non-state actors of proliferation concern.

Interpol[7]

Public Safety and Terrorism Sub-Directorate (PST) - deals with matters of terrorism, firearms and explosives, attacks and threats against civil aviation, maritime piracy and weapons of mass destruction.

Co-operative Radiological Instrument Transfer Project (CRIT) – aims to enhance capacity to fight global radiological terrorism through the development and delivery of training for law enforcement personnel in the use of radiation detection instruments.

Project on Bio terrorism – raise awareness of the bio-terrorist threat, counter bio-weapons proliferation, develop police training programmes and strengthen the enforcement of existing legislation as a complement to international threats

Orange Notice – serves as warning to law enforcement and security officials about threats that hey might not normally detect, including from package bombs and disguised weapons, biological, chemical and radiological threats. January 2004

Terrorist Arrest Report – collects submissions from member countries to establish an annual list of individuals arrested for terrorist activities, along with identifying information. Made available 2003.

Project IWETS (Interpol Weapons and Explosives Tracking System) – provides member countries and their law enforcement partners with a communication and information sharing tools that will enhance both national and international criminal and terrorism investigations related to firearms and explosives.

Fusion Task Force (FTF) – was initiated a proactive, multi-disciplinary approach to assist member countries in terrorism related investigations. Objective is to identify members of criminal groups involved in international terrorist activity and to provide an indices system, provide analytic support and enhance the capacity of member countries to address the threats of terrorism and organized crime, also analysis organizational hierarchies, training, financing, methods and motives. Started in September 2002.

Project passage – targets organized crime groups that provide logistical support to members of terrorist organizations (identity and travel documents, illegal entry and immigrant/refugee/residence status).

Project Tent – aims to identify individuals who have attended terrorist training camps and to communicate this information to the countries where these subjects live, because of the high correlation between attendance at training camps and terrorist activity.

Regionally focused activities – identifies active terrorist groups and their membership in specific region; solicits; collects and shares information and intelligence, provides analytical support and enhance the capacity of member countries to address to threats of terrorism and organized crime.

Connecting Police I-24/7 – develop a global police communication system, with ambitious goal of connecting law enforcement officials in all member countries and providing them with the means to share crucial information on criminals and criminal activities.

 Europol[8]

Counter Terrorism program

            Monitors developments in the mandated areas, analyzing gathered information from strategic and operation al aspects, undertaking threats and risk assessments and based on their results carrying out awareness activities. Can support operational investigations.

Counter Proliferation Program

            Covers all forms of illicit trafficking of nuclear materials, strong radiological sources, arms, ammunition, explosives, weapons of mass destruction and related precursors.

Networking Program

            Aims at establishing regular contacts and sound relationship with experts in the CTP and CPP in MS units and in 3rd States and international organizations.

Preparedness program

            Develops a methodology for joint teams and prepare and infrastructure for future task forces.

Training and education program

            Preparing law enforcement and intelligence officers to work together in multi cultural environment and to be open to other institutional approaches

Bilateral agreements;

With Interpol – exchange of operational, strategic and technical information, the coordination of activities including the development of common standards, action plans, training and scientific research and the secondment of liaison officers.

With World Custom Organization – consult regularly on policy issues and matters of common interest for the purpose of realizing objectives and coordinating activities, exchange information on new development in their fields of activities and project of mutual interest.

With UN Office on Drugs and Crime – on mutual cooperation and exchange of information.

 EU[9]

•       Schengen Information System (SIS) – already stores data on persons wanted for arrest those to be refused entry to the EU, missing persons and person to be put under surveillance. Biometric identifiers will be stored on the second generation SIS II.
•       Eurodac – a fingerprint database that stores and compares the fingerprints of asylum applicants and illegal immigrants and allows MS to determine the state responsible for examining the asylum application.
•       Joint Situation Center (SitCen) - integrated group of analysts from external intelligence services and the internal security services to jointly assess the terrorist threat as it develops both inside Europe and outside.
•       Civilian Crisis management – four priority areas: police, strengthening the rule of law, strengthening civilian administration and civil protection
•       Counter-Terrorism Coordinator – role is to define the EU’s responsibility in the field of counter terrorism and to promote practical cooperation between member states, also responsible for acts as an official EU link at a high level with 3rd countries, and to report directly to the Council. Should bring benefits and better coordination of efforts in combating terrorism. Gijs de Vries
•       EUROJUST (established on 29 April 2003):
• o       December 2002 Decision on specific measures for police and judicial co-operation to combat terrorism
• o       2003/48/JHA Council decision on the implementation of specific measures for police and judicial cooperation to combat terrorism - article 3 obligated MS to ensure that the information in this field is communicated to Eurojust.
• §         Set the guidelines for national correspondents and specialized authorities.
• o       June 2001 Decision  on money laundering, the identification, tracing, freezing and confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime
• o       Joint Investigation Teams – allows MS to cooperate and work on mutual interest without formal agreement. Example of long standing arrangements between Spain and France in dealing with ETA.
• o       Terrorism Team (established after Madrid bombings) – main aim to ensure terrorism coordination meetings are well prepared and organized, to enhance the exchange of information related to terrorism via regular contacts with nominated correspondents on terrorism, and to establish a general dataset of legal document related to terrorism. Addressed objectives are:
• §         Judicial cooperation – organize and prepare all strategic meeting on terrorism and to support operation coordination meetings on terrorism cases
• §         Improvement of the interaction between counterparts dealing with terrorism issues – establish regular contact with national correspondents or terrorism, with magistrates, judges and prosecutors specializing in terrorism or in charge of important terrorist cases, with Europol, the EU counter-terrorism coordinator, the intelligence services and other interested agencies.
• §         Legal database – keep updated an overviews of the available national, European and international legal documents and instruments related to terrorism
• §         Initiation of judicial database on terrorism -  initiate a feasibility study based on data collated during coordination meetings held at Eurojust and received from the national correspondents for terrorism
• §         Financing of terrorism - obtain verification of the practical use and added value of existing EU or UN instruments in this area.
• o       Strategic meetings with investigators and prosecutors in specific type of crimes – to ensure a better and speedier cooperation and coordination.
• o       Proposed cooperation meeting with Department of Justice of the USA in the terrorism cases  - the purpose is to built a connection between S prosecutors and the established Eurojust network of terrorist investigators and prosecutors and also to look at good practice, lessons learned and links to related cases.
• o       Developing agreements on cooperation with other organizations of EU and on international level, also with 3rd countries
•       European Border Agency – coordinated between MS, provides training for border guards and carries out risk assessment, opened July 2005.
• o       Proposal for a corps of external border guards.
• o       Proposal to extend police powers of surveillance and pursuit of suspects on border areas.
•       Laws:
• o       Common position 2001/931/CFSP – latest version application pf specific measures to combat terrorism
• o       Council Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA 13 June 2002 on combating terrorism
• o       Action plan – updated every 6 month, latest June 2005, next December 2005
• o       Framework decision defining terrorist offences
• o       Alignment of level of sanction between MS
• o        European Arrest Warrant – a simplified arrest and extradition procedure designed to provide quick and efficient extradition within the EU, whilst protecting the rights of defendants and victims, replaces old extradition procedures, have been implemented by all members
• §         Results: Commission report in Feb 2005 held it to be a success, 104 people have been surrendered in an average of 45 days (before 9 month). Still argument about breaches over national constitutional rights.
• o       Prevention and preparedness and response
• §         Commission communication on preparedness and response to biological and chemical agent attacks
• §         DG Health has issued guidelines on the management of specific bio-terrorism disease outbreaks and general guidelines for the public.
• §         ARGUS – European program for critical infrastructure protection and a crisis alert system.
• §         Council CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear weapons)
• o       Combating financing of terrorist organizations
• §         Freezing funds
• §         Money laundering – Council directive 20 Sept 2005:
• ·        Regulating information to be contained in fund transfer, compels banks to provide personal details of anyone sending money into and out of the EU
• ·        Confiscation of proceed of crime
• ·        Orders freezing property or evidence
• ·        Controlling the transfer of cash across external EU borders
• ·        Introducing a code of conduct preventing misuse of charities by terrorist
• ·        Signature by the EU of the Council of Europe Convention on financing of terrorism
• o       Improving exchange of information in combating terrorism and other crimes
• §         Exchange of information between law enforcement agencies
• §         Agreement on data retention
• ·        Commission directive (proposal) whereby phone call data (mobile and fixed) would be kept for one year and internet communications for 6 month.
• §         Commission proposal for a framework on data protection rules – seen as necessary to balance the increased exchange of personal data between member states being by the fight against terrorism and organized crime
• o       Council December 2004 specific measures on combating terrorist financing, civil protection policy, prevention of recruitment, critical infrastructure protection and external security policy.
• o       European Evidence Warrant
• o       Strengthening of Schengen and visa information system
• o       Biometric details on passports
• o       Prevention of recruitment and radicalization
• o       Greater controls over trade, storage and transport of explosives
• o       Communication on measures to ensure greater security in explosives, detonators, bomb making equipment and firearms (COM (2005)329) 18 July 2005
•       Hague Program 2005 -2010;
• o       Fixes priorities for an area of freedom, security and justice. The Action plan identified 10 ten specific priorities upon which the Commission believes the collective efforts should be concentrated:
•       Fundamental rights and citizenship – Ensure the full development of policies enhancing citizenship, monitoring and promoting respect for fundamental right
• ·        European Agency for Fundamental Rights – would be established by extending the remit of existing European Monitoring Center on racism and Xenophobia. Regulation is underway.
•       The fight against terrorism – focus on different aspects of prevention, preparedness and response in order to further enhance and where necessary complement MS capabilities to fight terrorism
• ·        Proposal for establishing Critical Infrastructure Warning Information Network
• ·        Pilot project for the victims of terrorist acts
•       Migration management – define a balance approach to migration management developing a common immigration policy at Union level , while further strengthening the fight against illegal migration and trafficking in human beings, notable women and children.
•       Internal borders, external borders and visas – further develop an integrated management of external borders and a common visa policy, while enduring the free movement of persons.
• ·        Travel documentation – biometric identifiers integrated into passports and identification documents
•       A common asylum area – work towards the establishment of a common asylum area taking into account the humanitarian tradition and respect of international obligations of the Union and the effectiveness of a harmonized procedure.
•       Integration: the positive impact of migration on our society and economy – adopt support and incentive measures to help MS deliver better policies on integration so as to maximize the positive impact of migration on our society and economy.
• ·        European Framework on Integration – based on common principles to be established to favor greater contact between national authorities and exchange of experiences and information on integration.
•       Privacy and security in sharing information – strike the right balance between privacy and security in the sharing of information among law enforcement and judicial authorities, fully respecting fundamental rights of privacy and data protection as well as the principle of availability of information.
• ·        Need for effective investigations of cross-border criminality and the maintenance of law and order in an area of free movement.
• ·        MS should use the powers of their intelligence and security services not only to counter menaces to their own security, but also protect the internal security of other MS.
• ·        The concept of principle of availability – information available to law enforcement officers in one member states should be accessible whenever necessary by their counterparts in all other MS. Should be fully defined and introduced in Jan 2008.
• ·        Data protection
•       The fight against organized crime – guarantee and effective European area of justice by ensuring and effective access to justice for all and the enforcement of judgments.
• ·        Outlining overall EU strategy
• ·        Developing common methodologies among national and EU bodies
• ·        EU crime statistics system
• ·        European Criminal Intelligence Model
• ·        Developing partnerships between public sector and enterprises – EU Action Plan on Public Private Partnerships – priority for 2006
• ·        Intensifying cooperation with third countries and international organizations
• ·        Promoting stronger investigation skills and establishment of criminal asset intelligence units
• ·        Prevention of human trafficking
•       Civil and criminal justice - an effective European area of justice for all
• ·        Eurojust – was established to improve co-operation and co-ordination of investigations and prosecution on a wide range of cases; members are high level team of senior prosecutors and judges from each EU country.
•       Freedom, Security and Justice: sharing responsibility and solidarity – give meaning to notions of shared responsibility and solidarity between MS by reviewing the type of policy and financial instruments that can meet the objective of Freedom, Security and Justice in the most efficient way.
• ·        Importance of supporting political priorities
•       Tampere Program – part of program where a policy of increased judicial cooperation between MS have been agreed
•       Oisin
• o       1997-2000 – Oisin I
• o       Objective: to prevent, detect and combat terrorism and crime by improving co-operation between law enforcement authorities in order to provide greater insight into and understanding of the legal systems and law enforcement practices in other members States as well as upgrading the shills of those working in law enforcement.
• o       Categories of action
• 1.      Training, familiarization with legislation and operational procedures
• 2.      Exchange of training personnel and provision of operational expertise
• 3.      Scientific research on subject, operational feasibility studies
• 4.      Exchange of information on operational issues, joint pilot operations, preparation of confidential directories,
• o       2001-2002 – Oisin II
• o       Objective: continuity of first program; encourage greater insight into the working methods of MS’s law enforcement authorities and the constrains by which they be found
• o       Action:
• 1.      Training
• 2.      Exchange and studies
• 3.      Studies and research
• 4.      Meetings and seminars
• 5.      Dissemination of the results obtained within the framework of the program
•       UK presidency priorities:
• o       Rules on retaining telecommunications data and exchange information
• o       A strategy to tackle recruitment to terrorist organizations
• o       Evaluation of MS’ counter-terrorism arrangements leading to shared best practice and recommendations
• o       Agreement of a program to protect critical infrastructure
• o       Introduction of an EU-wide strategy to tackle terrorist financing.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe[10]

• o       The main goal of the platform is to strengthen relations between organizations and institutions concerned with promoting comprehensive security within the OSCE area. Co-operation and avoiding the duplication of efforts is fundamental to the OSCE approach. OSCE action against terrorism is conducted under the auspices of the United Nations
• o       Documents
•      The Bucharest Plan of Action for combating Terrorism – blueprint for comprehensive effort in the fight against terrorism
•      The Bishkek Program of Action - agreed at international conference organized by the OSCE and UNODC on 13-14 December 2001 in Kyrgyzstan. Strengths comprehensive security and counterterrorism efforts notably in Central Asia.
•      OSCE Charter on Preventing and Combating Terrorism
•      Decision on Implementing OSCE Commitments and activities on combating terrorism – Strengthened the OSCE’s counter-terrorism activities as it recognized the danger posed by weapons of mass destruction in the hands of terrorist. It identified 4 strategic areas for preventing and combating terrorism: policing, border security, anti-trafficking and suppressing terrorist financing.
•       Decision on travel security
•       Decision on terms of Reference for the OSCE Counter-Terrorism Network.
•       Ministerial Council decision adopted in Sofia 2004:
• ·        Combating the use of the internet for terrorist purposes No 3/04
• ·        Enhancing container Security No 9/04
• ·        Reporting lost/stolen Passports to Interpol’s automated search facility/stolen travel document database No 4/04
• ·        On Further implementing the OSCE document on stockpiles of conventional ammunition, No 5/04
• ·        Endorsement of the Forum for Security Cooperation decisions: OSCE Standard elements of end-ser certificates and verification procedures for SALW exports No 6/04
• ·        OSCE Principles on the Control of Brokering in small arms  and light weapons (SALW) No 7/04
• ·        OSCE Principles for Export controls of Man Portable Air Defense System (MANPADS) No 8/04

Council of Europe[11]

Multidisciplinary Group on International Action against Terrorism (GMT) - governmental committee of experts - identifies priority areas for action and elaborated on updating organization documents. Set up in November 2001.

Priority areas:

     

• Research on the concepts of “apologie du terrorisme” and “incitement to terrorism”, special investigation techniques, protection of witnesses and ‘pentiti’, international cooperation on law enforcement, action to cut terrorists off from funding sources and questions of identity documents which arise in connection of terrorism.
•       Committee of Experts on Terrorism (CODEXTER) responsible for coordinating and following up the counter-terrorist activities of the COE in the legal field.
•       Integrated project “Democratic Institution in action” which aims at improving participation of marginalized or disadvantaged population groups in political and social life.
•       Integrated project “Responses to violence in everyday life” which examines the role of culture in conflict prevention.
•      Documents:
• ·        COE Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism CETS No 196
• ·        COE Convention on the Laundering, Search, Seizure and Confiscation of the Proceeds from Crime and on the Financing of Terrorism CETS No 198
• ·        Protocol amending the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism ETS No 190 -  introduces significant changes: the list of offences which may never be regarded as political or politically motivated has been substantially extended and now included all the offences covered by all the UN anti-terrorist conventions, a simplified amendment procedure has also been introduced allowing new offences to be added to the list, the convention has been opened to observer states, the possibility of refusing to extradite offenders to countries where they risk being exposed to the death penalty, torture or life imprisonment without parole, possibilities to refuse extradition on the basis of reservation to the convention have been significantly reduced and such refusal will be subject to a specific follow up procedure, which will also apply to the follow up of any obligation under the convention as amended.
• ·        European Convention on Extradition EST No 24 and 1st and 2nd Additional Protocols ETS No 86 and EST No 98
• ·        European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters EST NO 30, and 1st and 2nd Additional Protocols EST No 99 and EST No 182
• ·        European Convention on the Compensation of Victims of Violent Crime ETS No 116
• ·        European Convention on the Transfer of Proceeding in Criminal Matters ETS No 73
• ·        1977 European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism ETS No 090
• ·        Committee of Ministers recommendations:
• ¨      Protection of witnesses and collaborators of justice
• ¨      Special interrogation techniques
• ¨      Identity and travel documents and the fight against terrorism

Bilateral agreements and other partnerships[12]

Canada

Declaration on Transatlantic Relations 1990 – extended the scope of their contacts and establishing regular meetings at Summit and Ministerial level.

> To give Canada air passenger information.

Norway

Agreement between Kingdom of Norway and European Police Office – transmission of personal data.

Eurojust and Norway agreement, 2005.

Russia[13]

Agreement between Russia Federation and European Police Office – to enhance their cooperation in area of law enforcement, in particular in areas of prevention, detection, suppression and investigation of crimes for defined crimes in agreement. Does not include the transmission of personal data.

EU and Russia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement – entered into force 1 December 1997. At St. Petersburg Summit in May 2003, the EU and Russia agreed to reinforce their co-operation by creating in the long term four ‘common spaces’ in the framework of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. It was decided to create a common economic space; a common space of freedom, security and justice; a space of co-operation in the field of external security; as well as a space of research and education, including cultural aspects. As far as the common economic space is concerned, it was agreed to build on the work for a Common European Economic Space (CEES) elaborated by the High Level Group. It was agreed that this common space would be broader in scope than the CEES concept and that, in this space, the EU and Russia would maintain the momentum of the energy dialogue, with particular emphasis on promoting investments, improving the investment climate and pursuing regulatory convergence. It was also agreed to take forward work in the field of transport and in particular satellite navigation. The importance of work in the field of the environment was specifically underlined, including cooperation on nuclear safety, maritime safety and climate change, with a specific reference to the Kyoto Protocol.

Justice and Home Affairs: Co-operation to prevent illegal activities, trafficking in drugs, money laundering and organized crime. The Action Plan on combating organized crime of June 2000 has further strengthened the cooperation between Russia and the EU in this area (Titles VII and VIII). Joint statement noted that enhanced cooperation in the field of Justice and Home Affairs, including on border management and migration issues, will serve the objective of building a new Europe without dividing lines, thus facilitating travel and contacts across the continent. In this context, it was also decided to examine the conditions for visa-free travel as a long-term perspective and to promote the better use of existing flexibilities under the Schengen Agreement. The St. Petersburg statement confirmed the importance of common values, which both sides pledged to respect, as the basis on which to further strengthen our strategic partnership. The joint statement adopted at the St. Petersburg summit recognized a number of international security challenges and responsibilities, expressed a wish to move towards a joint approach in the field of crisis management, and welcomed practical co-operation in the field of the European Security and Defence Policy. The EU and Russia reaffirmed their commitment to work together in the multilateral framework in order to strengthen the disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation regimes and to promote their universalization.

Switzerland[14]

EU and Swiss Bilateral agreements – among many diverse areas the following related topics are covered:

Security policy: Cross-border crime can only be fought effectively by means of international police and judicial cooperation. Schengen provides important tools for this purpose.

Asylum policy: The Dublin cooperation offers measures against “asylum tourism” and thus relieves pressure on the national asylum system.

Participation in NATO Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and development of the PfP - cooperation includes political, military and civil aspects.

International cooperation under auspices of UN[15]

•       Counter-terrorism committee – established under the UN SC Res 1373, made up of all 15 members of the SC. It monitors the implementation of resolution 1373 by all states and tries to increase capability of States to fight terrorism.
•       UN SC Res 1373 - imposes binding obligations on all States, with the aim of combating terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. The resolution requires Member States to, inter alia:
• ·         Deny all forms of financial support for terrorist groups (operational paragraph (o.p.) 1a, b, c, d);
• ·         Suppress the provision of safe haven, sustenance or support for terrorists; (o.p. 2a, c, d, g, 3f, g);
• ·         Share information with other governments on any groups practicing or planning terrorist acts (o.p. 2b, 3a, b, c);
• ·         Co-operate with other governments in the investigation, detection, arrest and prosecution of those involved in such acts (o.p. 2b, f, 3a, b, c);
• ·         Criminalize active and passive assistance for terrorism in domestic laws and bring violators of these laws to justice (o.p. 2e);
• ·         Become party as soon as possible to the relevant international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism (o.p. 3d).
• ·         The CTC asks every State to take specific action to meet the requirements of the resolution based on the specific circumstances in each country.
• ·         The CTC seeks to establish a basis for ongoing dialogue between the Security Council and all Member States on how best to raise national capacity against terrorism.
•       The assistance to MS – cooperation with other international, regional and sub-regional organizations to agreed to further develop cooperation by sharing information on codes, standards and best practices in their areas of competences; regional and sub-regional organizations would develop mechanisms to facilitate assistance and cooperation between neighbors. The details of those assistance projects are available at CTC Assistance Database http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1373/ctc_da/index.html
•       UN Action Plan on Terrorism - The United Nations operates counter-terrorism programmes throughout its departments, offices and agencies, including:
• ·          The Counter-Terrorism Committee monitors implementation of resolution 1373 and reports to the Security Council.
• ·         The Security Council is seized of the question of terrorism as a threat to international peace and security. It meets to review the structure and activities of the CTC at regular intervals and meets on its broader issues related to terrorism as necessary.
• ·         The United Nations Policy Working Group on Terrorism was established by the Secretary-General in October 2001 to identify the implications and broad policy dimensions of terrorism for the United Nations and formulate recommendations. The Policy Working Group identified how the UN's activities should be part of a tripartite strategy supporting global efforts to dissuade disaffected groups from embracing terrorism, deny groups or individuals the means to carry out acts of terrorism, and sustain broad-based international cooperation in the struggle against terrorism. (Link to PWG report)
• ·         In resolution 56/261 the General Assembly adopted Plans of action for the implementation of the Vienna Declaration on Crime and Justice: Meeting the Challenges of the Twenty-first Century. The Centre for International Crime Prevention within the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime was asked to, in cooperation with other relevant international and regional organizations, in coordination with the Office of Legal Affairs of the Secretariat, as appropriate, and in accordance with the present resolution:
• a.       Take steps to raise awareness of the relevant international instruments, encourage States to sign and ratify such instruments and, where feasible, provide assistance in implementing such instruments to States, upon request;
• b.      In cooperation with Member States, take measures to raise public awareness of the nature and scope of international terrorism and its relationship to crime, including organized crime, where appropriate;
• c.       Continue to maintain existing databases on terrorism;
• d.      Offer analytical support to Member States by collecting and disseminating information on the relationship between terrorism and related criminal activities;
• e.       If further developments so require, draw up concrete proposals for consideration by Member States to strengthen the capacity of the Centre to develop, within its mandate, and administer the terrorism prevention component of its activities.
•      Sharing International Codes, Standards and Best practice – available at CTC website.
•      UN Conventions on Terrorism[16]
• o       Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Person, including Diplomatic Agents, 14 December 1973
• o       International Convention against the Taking of Hostages 17 December 1979
• o       International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings 15 December 1997
• o       International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 9 December 1999
• o       International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, 13 April 2005
• o       Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft, 14 September 1963
• o       Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, 16 December 1970
• o       Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 23 September 1971
• o       Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials 3 March 1980
• o       Protocol on the Suppression of Unlawful acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 28 February 1988
• o       Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 10 March 1988
• o       Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, 10 March 1988
• o       Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection, 1 March 1991
• o       7 Regional conventions
•       Regional Action - The CTC has determined that regional co-operation is fundamental to the fight against terrorism. At the special meeting of the CTC on 6 March 2003, regional and sub-regional organizations committed to share their expertise on regional co-operation on counter-terrorism activities. They recognized that they had a unique contribution to make in helping their members to implement resolution 1373, thus raising capacity to combat terrorism on a regional as well as a national level. Information in this section has been provided by regional and sub-regional organizations. It is hoped that it will be of interest to other organizations or States looking for examples of how these organizations can assist their members to meet the requirements of 1373.
• o       See:
  Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
• ·         APEC Counter-Terrorism Plan

Association of SouthEast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

• ·         Transnational Crime and International Terrorism

Commonwealth Secretariat

• ·         Report of the Commonwealth Committee on Terrorism (CCT): Commonwealth Plan of Action
• ·         Assistance provided by the Commonwealth Secretariat in the field of counter-terrorism
• ·         Model Legislative Provisions on Measures to Combat Terrorism

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

• ·         General Conference: Nuclear Security - Measures to Protect Against Nuclear Terrorism
• ·         Board of Governors General Conference: Measures to Strengthen International Co-Operation in Nuclear, Radiation and Transport Safety and Waste Management - Revision of the Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources

Organization of American States (OAS)

• ·         Inter-American Committee Against Terrorism (CICTE)
• ·         Work Plan of the Inter-American Committee Against Terrorism

Offshore Group of Banking Supervisors (OGBS)

• ·         Responses of the Members of the OGBS to the Following Questions on Combating the Financing of Terrorism

Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)

• ·         The OPCW's role in combating terrorism
• ·         The OPCW and the global struggle against terrorism
• ·         The activities of the OPCW and possibilities of its contribution to Anti-Terrorism Efforts 

World Customs Organization:

• ·         WCO Trade Facilitation Initiatives and simplification of Customs procedures
• ·         Security and Facilitation of the International Supply Chain

•       UN Drug and Crime Organization - provides guidance to States in legislating and implementing anti-terrorism measures; also is responsible for reviewing domestic legislation and providing advise on drafting enabling laws; facilitating and providing training to national administrations with regard to new legislation; providing in depth assistance on the implementation of the new legislation against terrorism with the mentorship program; maintaining an experts roster to supplement specific expertise where requires.

• Legislative Guide to the Universal Anti-Terrorism Conventions and Protocols
• Global Program Against Terrorism:

The program is committed to deliver prompt and tailor-made responses to requests for assistance through:

• o       Reviewing domestic legislation and providing advise on drafting enabling laws
• o       Facilitating and providing training to national administrations with regard to new legislation
• o       Providing in depth assistance on the implementation of the new legislation against terrorism with the mentorship program
• o       Maintaining an experts roster to supplement specific expertise where required.
• ·        Activity 1. Conventions and Legislative Processes

Promotion of ratification and implementation of the international instruments to suppress and prevent terrorism through:

• o       Analysis of existing relevant universal instruments and prioritization of international cooperation
• o       provisions
• o       Assistance in drafting enabling laws, and preparation of model legislation
• o       Strengthening the legal regime against terrorism with new tools contained in the conventions
• o       against illicit drugs and transnational organized crime
• o        Study of the compatibility between the relevant universal legal instruments and bilateral cooperation agreements
• o       Preparation of legislative guidelines on the basis of relevant instruments
• o       Preparation of implementation kits
• o       Analysis of effectiveness of anti-terrorist legislation
• o       Organization of regional workshops to review national legislation
• ·        Activity 2. National Administration Measures
• o       Facilitating mentorship programmes for capacity building
• o       Technical assistance for capacity-building for international cooperation
• o       Collection of “Best Practices” on international cooperation
• o       Promoting enabling operational structures for international cooperation
• o       Promoting counter money-laundering structures
• o       International cooperation for common border control
• o       Establishment of coordination agencies
• o       Provision of early warning check-list
• ·        Activity 3. Advocacy and Prevention
• o       Public awareness and civil society mobilization
• o       Public service announcements on prevention
• o       National Profiles (on drugs, crime and terrorism)
• o       National Country Strategies (as above)
• o       Best practices kits
• ·        Technical assistance project “Strengthening the legal regime against terrorism”